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Our results demonstrate the existence of multidrug resistant strains of S. aureus in Gondar indicating a strong need to ease selective antibiotic pressure to limit spread of drug resistance in the region. A continuous surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and strong antibiotic policies are needed in order to minimize the emergence and spread of resistant pathogenic bacteria.
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A confirmatory high pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of seven quinolone antibiotics in tissue of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) was developed. Ciprofloxacin (CIP), danofloxacin (DAN), enrofloxacin (ENR), sarafloxacin (SAR), oxolinic acid (OXO), nalidixic acid (NAL) and flumequine (FLU) were separated on a Perfectsil ODS-2 120 (250 mm × 4 mm, 5 μm) column by gradient elution with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (pH=1), acetonitrile and methanol at 25°C within 22 min. Analytes were monitored at 255 nm (for the determination of OXO, NAL and FLU) and 275 nm (for CIP, DAN, ENR and SAR) by means of photodiode array detector. Examined quinolones were isolated from salmon tissue by extraction with citrate buffer solution (pH=4.7) and purified by solid phase extraction using Oasis HLB (200mg/6 mL) cartridges. The developed method was fully validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, stability and sensitivity according to the European Union Decision 2002/657/EC. The accuracy of the method was additionally proved by its application to certified reference material of salmon tissue (BCR® 725).
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During a period of 1-year, 63 typhoidal Salmonellae were isolated from 14,050 blood cultures and one parietal wall abscess. 36 (56.25%) were Salmonella Typhi and 27 (42%) were Salmonella Paratyphi A. They were all screened for resistance by the disc diffusion method and their minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined using agar dilution, broth dilution and E-strip method. Ciprofloxacin resistant isolates were screened for PMQR determinants by polymerase chain reaction assay.
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Of 6173 isolates from 2007 to 2011, 4684 (82%) were susceptible to penicillin, 3899 (68%) to ciprofloxacin, and 5240 (91%) to cefixime. All subgroups of the MSM population had fewer than 95% of isolates susceptible to penicillin, ciprofloxacin, or cefixime. Higher proportions of isolates from heterosexual patient subgroups were susceptible to these antimicrobials. Multivariable models identified the following associations between patient characteristics and infection with susceptible isolates: patients aged 13 to 24 years (penicillin: 92.3% susceptible adjusted odds ratio and associated 95% confidence interval [aOR CI] 1.84-2.97; ciprofloxacin: 88.3%, aOR CI 2.22-3.39; cefixime: 98.7%, aOR CI 1.29-3.52) patients of black ethnicity (penicillin: 93.9%, aOR CI 2.72-4.91; ciprofloxacin: 92.0%, aOR CI 3.94-6.7; cefixime: 99.1%, aOR CI 1.78-6.4), and patients with concurrent chlamydia (penicillin: 93.9%, aOR CI 1.8-3.22; ciprofloxacin: 91.7%, aOR CI 2.71-4.58; cefixime: 99.0%, aOR CI 1.27-4.54).
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The presence of persister cells and small-colony variants (SCVs) has been associated with enhanced antibiotic resistance of many organisms in biofilms. This study investigated whether persisters and/or SCVs contribute to the antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. A detailed dose-dependent killing of biofilms and planktonic cells with five antibiotics (oxacillin, cefotaxime, amikacin, ciprofloxacin and vancomycin) was analysed by treating them with each antibiotic at a concentration of 0-100 microg ml(-1) at 37 degrees C for 48 h. The killing of biofilm cells by all of the antibiotics showed the presence of persister cells - most cells in the population died, leaving a fraction that persisted, even at higher concentrations of the antibiotics. These persisters represented a transient resistant phenotype and reverted to a killing curve resembling that of the wild-type parent upon re-exposure to the antibiotics. SCVs were observed in biofilms only after treatment with ciprofloxacin, and these SCVs were of a transient nature. The treatment of planktonic cells with oxacillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin and vancomycin killed the entire population and no persisters were detected. Transient SCVs, observed in planktonic cells following exposure to these antibiotics, were killed at higher antibiotic concentrations. The treatment of planktonic cells with amikacin yielded a small subpopulation of survivors that included persisters (at numbers significantly lower than for the biofilms) and highly resistant, stable SCVs with an increased biofilm-forming capacity in comparison with the wild-type parent. Thus the high resistance of S. aureus biofilms to multiple unrelated antibiotics is largely dependent on the presence of persister cells. Biofilms harbour a large number of persisters in comparison with planktonic cultures, which either do not harbour persisters or harbour only a small number. SCVs, although not specifically associated with S. aureus biofilms, have an increased biofilm-forming capacity and this may explain the frequent isolation of SCVs from biofilm-associated infections. The intrinsic resistance of these variants may in turn contribute to the enhanced antibiotic resistance of the biofilms thus formed.
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The capacity of C. difficile to sporulate can be significantly affected by certain antibiotics. The reduced sporulation observed with tigecycline and piperacillin/tazobactam might explain why these antibiotics are generally associated with lower risk of C. difficile infections. In addition, the inhibition of sporulation might partly explain the apparent efficacy of tigecycline for treatment of patients with recurrent infection.
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The animals were divided into six groups: Control, ciprofloxacin (100mg/kg/day, i.p), ciprofloxacin with three doses (2.5, 5 and 10mg/kg/day) of melatonin and a group which received ciprofloxacin (100mg/kg/day) plus vitamin E (100mg/kg/day) for 8 consecutive days. 24h after last injection, the animals were euthanized and kidney tissues were separated. Finally reactive oxygen species, glutathione content, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl, nitric oxide and TNF-α were evaluated. Also, pathological examination and measuring of kidney biochemical markers (BUN and Cr) were done.
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Sludge generated in waste water treatment process can be a major sink for some pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs). The land application of sewage sludge (in the form of biosolids in the United States) can therefore potentially introduce PPCPs into the environment. After treatment, biosolids are often subjected to a storage period before land application. However, little information is available with regard to the fate of PPCPs in biosolids during the storage. In this work, the persistence of seven pharmaceuticals and one antibacterial was evaluated using ultrasonic extraction and liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The impacts of aeration and sunlight exposure were investigated. During the experiment, no elimination was observed for carbamazepine, triclosan, and ciprofloxacin while elimination was found for tetracycline, doxycycline, clindamycin, erythromycin, and clarithromycin. Using an availability-adjusted kinetic model, the 50% dissipation time was 37 to >77d for tetracycline, 53 to >77d for doxycycline, 1.0-1.6d for clindamycin, 1.1-1.9d for clarithromycin, and 7.0-17d for erythromycin. Those compounds were found more persistent under anaerobic conditions than aerobic condition with a longer 50% dissipation time by a factor of 1.5-2. However, minor impact was observed from sunlight irradiation.
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The aim of this study was to determine MDR isolates and the existence of OXAs genes among MDR isolates of A. baumannii collected from Kermanshah hospitals in west of Iran.
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Thermotolerant Campylobacter spp., in particular Campylobacter jejuni, are among the most frequently identified pathogens, found to be causing human gastrointestinal infections in Europe, with the Czech Republic being no exception. The presented work aimed at assessing results of the first nationwide monitoring of prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter spp. in broiler flocks in the Czech Republic, including a comparison of antibiotic resistance of C. jejuni isolates collected from poultry and the human community. The monitoring was carried out in poultry slaughterhouses in 2006 and 2007. From broilers, cloacal swabs were collected and examined. The human isolates of C. jejuni were acquired from rectal swabs in community patients with diarrhoeal diseases. Suspected isolates of both animal and human origin were confirmed by the PCR methods. Antibiotic resistance to selected anti-microbial agents was tested by the microdilution method. In the monitored period, the prevalence of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. in broilers in the Czech Republic reached almost 50%. In 2006, C. jejuni was detected in 46% and Campylobacter coli in 3% of the tested samples. In 2007, C. jejuni was found in 43% and C. coli in 2% of the samples. The results of anti-microbial susceptibility testing of C. jejuni showed higher resistance in animals when compared with humans. The only exception was tetracycline with higher resistance in isolates of human origin. The highest resistance detected was to quinolone antibiotics. Resistance to oxolinic acid was 77% in animal and 60% in human isolates, to ciprofloxacin 72% in isolates from poultry and 55% in those from humans. In ampicillin, 26% of poultry isolates and 16% of human isolates were resistant. Moreover, 9% of animal isolates demonstrated resistance to streptomycin, undetected in human isolates. In erythromycin, resistance was found in 6% of poultry and 1% of human isolates.
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The present study endeavours to generate drug susceptibility data on NTM isolated from sputum samples collected and stored from 6445 symptomatics for pulmonary tuberculosis during a prevalence survey and from specimens received from the hospital. Isolates were not necessarily associated with the disease. Species were identified and antibiotic susceptibility was performed using micro-broth dilution technique as per the standard Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines.
Resistance rates of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis from Morocco are generally low but the resistance to Moxifloxacin 400 Mg Treatment nalidixic acid is worryingly common. Continual surveillance of antibiotic resistance is of primary importance.
High resistance rates and an increase of Acinetobacter baumannii to all antimicrobials, especially to carbapenems, were noted. The dissemination of Chloromycetin Capsules 500mg carbapenem-resistant isolate may indicate the appearance of untreatable infection by this organism. It points out the rationality in prescribing antimicrobial drugs.
The spread of carbapenem-resistant gram negatives is a global emergency, and surveillance of new resistant clones is Cephalexin 500mg Dosage critical from both public health and clinical standpoints. Herein, we describe the emergence of a KPC-3-producing Escherichia coli ST69 as a cause of bloodstream infection in two Italian patients.
This study was carried out to examine the Ciriax 400 Mg current local bacteriological profile of CSOM and to compare the profile of either ear in bilaterally discharging ears.
This patient's refusal of parenteral therapy prompted the use of oral ciprofloxacin because it is well absorbed and was expected to be very active against his organism. His infection resolved Dosage Amoxicillin and did not relapse. Although successful oral therapy has been reported for endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus, primarily in injection drug users, completely oral therapy for other organisms has not been previously described.
In the present study, 500 raw beef, pork, and chicken meat samples and 100 pooled egg samples were analyzed for the presence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci, vancomycin-resistance phenotypes, and resistance genes. Of 141 isolates of enterococci, 88 strains of Enterococcus faecium and 53 strains of E. faecalis were identified. The most prevalent species was E. faecium. Resistance to ampicillin (n = 93, 66%), ciprofloxacin (n = 74, 52.5%), erythromycin (n = 73, 51.8%), penicillin (n = 59, 41.8%) and tetracycline (n = 52, 36.9%) was observed, while 53.2% (n = 75) of the isolates were multiresistant and 15.6% (n = 22) were susceptible to all antibiotics. Resistance to vancomycin was exhibited in 34.1% (n = 30) of the E. faecium isolates (n = 88) and 1.9% (n = 1) of the E. faecalis isolates (n = 53) using the disc-diffusion test and the E-test. All isolates were tested for vanA and vanB using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and multiplex PCR, and for vanC, vanD, vanE, vanG genes using multiplex PCR only. Among E. faecalis isolates, no resistance genes were identified. Among the E. faecium isolates, 28 carried the vanA gene when tested by multiplex PCR and 29 when tested with real-time PCR. No isolate carrying the vanC, vanD, vanE, or vanG genes was identified. Melting-curve analysis of the positive real-time PCR E. faecium isolates showed that 22 isolates carried the vanA gene only, Cefix Medicine Antibiotic 2 isolates the vanB2,3 genes only, and seven isolates carried both the vanA and vanB2,3 genes. Enterococci should be considered a significant zoonotic pathogen and a possible reservoir of genes encoding resistance potentially transferred to other bacterial species.
MICs of imipenem and meropenem for the 9 isolates ranged from 32 to 128 and 16 to 64 microg/mL, respectively. Nine isolates had a single Rep-PCR pattern and were Antirobe 300 Mg Clindamycin intermediate or resistant to ceftazidime, cefepime, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin and ciprofloxacin. Eight of the 9 isolates were susceptible to aztreonam. Hydrolysis activity of imipenem in MbetaL-positive isolates ranged from 162+/-18 to 235+/-28 pmol/min/microg protein and was abolished in the presence of 5 mM EDTA. All isolates possessed an integron with genes aac(6')32, bla(VIM-2) and a putative transposase-encoding gene, flanked by the conserved 5'CS and 3'CS regions.
In intracellular bacteria, the expression of acrAB is already higher when compared with extracellular cells; therefore, salicylate does not result in significant acrAB induction intracellularly and subsequent Flagenase 400 Mg Capsulas resistance enhancement. Results show that conclusions raised from extracellular studies cannot be applied to intracellular bacteria, although the systems have similar functions.