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The effects of 12 imidazolium room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), including [C(n)mim]BF4, [C(n)mim]PF6, and [C(n)mim]Br (n = 4, 6, 8, 10), on the fluorescent properties of norfloxacin were examined. The fluorescence intensity of norfloxacin at 0.1 mg/L in methanol significantly increased with the addition of [C(n)mim]BF4 and [C(n)mim]PF6 into the solvent at 0.1-15.0%. The sensitizing effect may result from the higher viscosity of the RTILs-methanol mixture solvent than that of the methanol itself. However, the quenching effect on fluorescence of norfloxacin was observed in [C(n)mim]Br-methanol solvent. The fluorescence intensities of norfloxacin decreased with an increase in the alkyl chain length of the alkyl substituents of the imidazolium ring of RTILs. The main interaction between the RTILs and norfloxacin is not by hydrogen bonding. The fact, that some RTILs can significantly sensitize fluorescence of norfloxacin, indicates that RTILs could be a group of promising solvents for development of sensitive spectrofluorimetric methods for determination of norfloxacin at ultra-trace levels in environmental samples.
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Infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus strains (MRSS) have become an increasing problem both as community-acquired and nosocomial infections. In order to eradicate colonization as well as to cure infections, optimal antibiotic treatment is required. In this study we examined the incidence of MRSS in clinical samples and compared the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with that of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus non-aureus strains. All the MRSS were resistant to penicillin. Among them there was a variation in the percentage of strains resistant to various antimicrobial agents. Within MRSS the most frequent resistances were those to erythromycin and norfloxacin. Ciprofloxacin and teicoplanin were the most effective antibiotics tested against MRSS, followed in activity by vancomycin and imipenem. The incidence of antibiotic resistance among MRSS was significantly higher than that among methicillin-susceptibility staphylococcal species.
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Seventy-five strains of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from humans with diarrhoea (45 strains) and healthy chickens (30 strains) were tested for their susceptibility to different antimicrobial agents: ampicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, furazolidine and quinolones (nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin). The frequencies of resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline were 16 and 9.3% respectively. Two strains (2.7%) exhibited resistance to quinolones as mentioned. One strain (1.3%) was resistant to erythromycin, and both ampicillin plus tetracycline. One strain (1.3%) exhibited resistance to multi-drugs (ampicillin, tetracycline and erythromycin). Resistance to ampicillin was higher in human strain (22.2%) compared to chickens (6.7%). On the contrary, the frequency of resistance to tetracycline was higher in chicken strains (13.3%) than in human (6.7%). All the ampicillin-resistant strains produced beta-lactamase. None of the ampicillin, erythromycin and quinolone-resistant strains contained any plasmid but all the tetracycline-resistant strains contained 23 kilobase (kb) plasmid which could be transferred to an ampicillin-resistant C. jejuni strain. This study thus shows that ampicillin and tetracycline resistance in C. jejuni are common in northern India. Ampicillin resistance is chromosomally determined but tetracycline resistance is mediated through 23 kb plasmid.
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A total of 409 women in reproductive age (15 - 49 years) participated in the study. The median age of the women was 28 years. Overall, 63 (15.4 %) of women had vaginal infections. The proportion of vaginal infection was higher in non-pregnant (17.3 %) than pregnant women (13.3 %) (P = 0.002). The most common identified vaginal infections were candidiasis (8.3 %) and bacterial vaginosis (2.8 %) followed by trichomoniasis (2.1 %). The isolation rate of N. gonorrhoeae and group B Streptococcus colonization was 4 (1 %) and 6 (1.2 %), respectively. Bacterial vaginosis was higher in non-pregnant (5.6 %) than pregnant women (0.5 %) (P = 0.002). Religion, age, living in rural area and having lower abdominal pain were significantly associated with bacterial vaginosis and candidiasis (P < 0.05). E.coli, Pseudomonas spp. and S.aureus were frequently isolated. Norfloxacin (75.6 %), ciprofloxacin (79.6 %) and gentamicin (77.6 %) revealed high level of sensitivity whereas high resistance rates were observed for amoxicillin (82.2 %), tetracycline (63.3 %) and cotrimoxazole (62.2 %).
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Three hundred seventy-five Gram-negative bacterial strains were isolated from urine specimens of as many patients affected by symptomatic or asymptomatic urinary tract infections. Susceptibility of bacteria to five chemotherapeutics (norfloxacin, oxolinic acid, pipemidic acid, nalidixic acid and nitrofurantoin) was studied determining minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of each compound by a miniaturized dilution broth method. Norfloxacin, a quinoline carboxylic acid compound structurally related to nalidixic acid, showed a much higher antibacterial activity against all bacterial strains under examination including Pseudomonas sp. The best activity of norfloxacin was expressed either by lower MICs and lower MBCs with respect to those of the other compounds, or by a low MBC/MIC ratio, which represents an important advantage in clinical practice.
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A written case vignette accompanied by open-ended questions regarding doctors' decisions (i.e. investigations and laboratory tests ordered, treatment options, advising sick leave, advice for treatment and follow-up procedures) and questions about doctor and surgery characteristics was sent to a representative sample of Slovene GPs.
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The frequencies of norfloxacin resistance for the periods 1983-1986, 1987-1990 and 1991-1994 were 3.2%, 5.9% and 9.1%, respectively (p-value < 0.05). The most pronounced increases in the frequencies of norfloxacin-resistance were observed for Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. The frequency of ciprofloxacin resistance was 7.4% in the period 1985-1989 and 16.5% in the period 1990-1994 (p-value < 0.05). This time trend in ciprofloxacin resistance was more striking for Enterobacter spp. and Staphylococcus spp.
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When the results from disk-diffusion and broth-dilution testing were combined, the relative overall in vitro efficacy was (in decreasing order): ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, tobramycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. Against gram-positive organisms it was: ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin equivalent to chloramphenicol, norfloxacin, tetracycline, gentamicin, and erythromycin equivalent to tobramycin. Against gram-negative organisms it was: ofloxacin equivalent to ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline comparable to erythromycin.
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We cloned a gene smfY for multidrug efflux pump from chromosomal DNA of Serratia marcescens using drug-hypersensitive Escherichia coli KAM32 as the host, and characterized the pump. E. coli KAM32/pESM42 carrying the smfY showed significantly increased MICs of various drugs including DAPI, norfloxacin, benzalkonium chloride, acriflavine and ethidium bromide, compared with the control. We also detected energy-dependent ethidium and acriflavine efflux due to the SmfY. Sequence analysis revealed that the SmfY was a multidrug efflux pump of the MF (Major Facilitator) superfamily transporters. This is the first report of a multidrug efflux pump belonging to the MF superfamily in S. marcescens.
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The high resistance rates to fluoroquinolones warrant reconsideration of their use as drugs of choice in patients with severe gastroenteritis when Campylobacter is the presumed cause. Continued monitoring of the incidence and the spread of resistant Campylobacter isolates is warranted.
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Campylobacter pylori has been associated with the etiology of gastritis and duodenal ulcer. It has been shown that several drugs, among them a variety of antimicrobials, eliminate C. pylori from gastric mucosa at least for a time, resulting in an improvement of the patients' symptoms. The activity of 16 antimicrobials (ampicillin, cefazolin, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, imipenem, aztreonam, tigemonam, erythromycin, vancomycin, nalidixic acid, colistin , norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, difloxacin, ofloxacin and perfloxacin) was tested against 30 clinical isolates of C. pylori. The antimicrobials showing the highest activity were ampicillin, imipenem and ciprofloxacin, followed by cefazolin, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, aztreonam, tigemonam, erythromycin and difloxacin. Nalidixic acid, colistin and vancomycin were virtually ineffective against C. pylori.
Cyromazine (CY) is a triazine pesticide used as an insect growth inhibitor for fly control in cattle manure, field crops, vegetables, and fruits. Sorption of CY onto humic acid (HA) may affect its environmental fate. In this study, HA was used to investigate the sorption of CY at different solution chemistry conditions (pH, ionic strength) and in the presence of foreign ions and norfloxacin. All sorption isotherms fitted well with the Freundlich and Langmuir models. The sorption reached a maximum at initial pH 4.0 over the initial pH range of 3.0-7.0, implying that the primary sorption mechanism was cation exchange interaction between CY+ species and the negatively charged functional groups of HA. Increasing Ca2+ concentration resulted in a considerable reduction in the Kd values of CY, hinting that Ca2+ had probably competed with CY+ for the cation exchange sites on the surfaces of HA. The sorption of CY on HA in different ionic media followed the order of NH4Cl ≈ KCl > K2SO4 > ZnCl2 ≈ CaCl2 at pH 5.0. Spectroscopic evidence demonstrated that the amino groups and triazine ring of Levaquin 500 Mg Reviews CY was responsible for sorption onto HA, while the carboxyl group and the O-alkyl structure of HA participated in adsorbing CY.
MICs of 14 antimicrobial agents for 29 strains of Edwardsiella tarda were determined by an agar dilution method. Of the agents tested, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, and norfloxacin Dalacin Gel For Acne were the most active on a weight basis. All strains were also susceptible to clinically achievable concentrations of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim plus sulfamethoxazole, cefotaxime, and gentamicin. Ninety percent of the strains demonstrated high-level resistance to polymyxin B and colistin.
The pharmacokinetics of norfloxacin were studied in six healthy Neomox Antibiotics volunteers, and three patients each with moderate renal and hepatic damage. A new specific and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography method was set up to measure plasma and urine concentrations of norfloxacin. The mean urinary concentrations after a single oral dose of 400 mg norfloxacin exceeded many times the MIC and MBC values of most of the bacterial strains responsible for urinary tract infections. Results in the patients with hepatic and renal damage indicated slight and not statistically significant differences in comparison with healthy volunteers.
The in vitro activities of ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, fleroxacin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, and pefloxacin against 10 penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae strains (PPNG's), 10 non-PPNG's, 10 non-penicillinase-producing penicillin-resistant chromosomally mediated N. gonorrhoeae strains (CMRNG's) 3 N. gonorrhoeae strains with a decreased sensitivity Tetrax Smart Review against quinolones compounds and one tetracycline-resistant penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae (TRNG/PPNG), strain were evaluated in this study. The non PPNG, PPNG, CMRNG and TRNG/PPNG strains showed good to excellent sensitivity to the quinolones tested. The N. gonorrhoeae strains with a decreased sensitivity against quinolones showed higher MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) values.
Rapid detection of the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant AAC(6')-Ib-cr in Enterobacteriaceae by measuring acetyltransferase Enhancin 625 Antibiotic activity against fluoroquinolones by MALDI-TOF MS analysis.
Some 7-{4-[2-[2-substituted-4-((5S)-5- acetylaminomethyl-2-oxo-oxazolidin-3-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl]-piperazin-1-yl}-fluoroquinolones were designed and synthesized, and their antibacterial Amoxicillin 700 Mg activities were tested in vitro.
The interaction between Cefixima Suspension 100 Mg ciprofloxacin and enoxacin and phospholipid-containing bilayers was examined as the initial step in transmembrane diffusion processes. By using cosedimentation, maximal association of liposomes and 14C-labeled enoxacin and ciprofloxacin was detected at acidic and neutral pHs. Aqueous solubility of ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, and norfloxacin was poorest at neutral pH and greater at alkaline or acidic pHs. These investigations suggest that the interaction occurs because of ionic and hydrophobic forces and is nonsaturable up to 20 micrograms/ml.
The consumption profile of the different categories of drugs used in public and private hospitals was as follows: nutrition and metabolism products 19.0%; gastrointestinal disorder-related drugs 18.5%; antibiotics 16.8%; anti-pyretics and anti-analgesics 20.6%. These drugs were found to be in high demand. Among the antibiotics, aminoglycosides (amikacin), Azithromycin Tablets For Chlamydia quinolones (ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin), tetracyclines (doxycycline), penicillin (ampicillin) and sulphonamides (co-trimoxazole) were the most commonly prescribed drugs for antibiotic therapy. 46% of the culture laboratory reports were positive with the following organism profile: Escherichia coli (36%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (16%), Staphylococcus aureus (29%), Enterococcus faecalis (9%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10%). In terms of the sensitivity profile of antibacterials, amikacin (66.9%) was the only antibiotic showing sensitivity patterns, while the majority of antibiotics, such as cotrimoxazole, nalidixic acid, amoxicillin, gentamycin and norfloxacin, had acquired a resistance rate of 55.1%-80.6%.
Pefloxacine 800 mg single dose was given as routine treatment after a cystomanometric examination to a 45-year-old woman with a 30-month history of generalized myasthenia gravis. One hour after, the patient developed exacerbation of myasthenia gravis with bilateral ptosis and an increased generalized weakness. She experienced a rapid improvement Hifen 200 Tab during the next 8 hours and physical examination returned to normal within one day. No additional factors which might have contributed to the exacerbation of myasthenia gravis were found. The report of exacerbation of myasthenia gravis with other antibiotic belonging to the group of fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and ofloxacin) prompt us to recommend caution with the use of all fluoroquinolones in myasthenic patients.
Portal hypertension is the most Pulmocef Cv 500 Mg common complication of cirrhosis accounting for significant morbidity and mortality mainly because of variceal hemorrhage, ascites, bacterial infections, hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatorenal syndrome. Advances in the diagnosis and management of portal hypertension over the last year are reviewed.